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François Chollet
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François Chollet✓

@fchollet

Co-founder @ndea. Co-founder @arcprize. Creator of Keras and ARC-AGI. Author of 'Deep Learning with Python'.

831 Following748K Followers25.6K Posts
  1. François Chollet✓@fchollet
    I wrote Deep Learning with Python to be the definitive guide to how deep learning works and how to best make use of it. Tens of thousands of people got their career start via this book. 120,000 copies sold, and downloaded by millions more. And now it's free to read online:
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  2. François Chollet✓@fchollet
    Some observations about the "total" automation of software engineering: 1. There are more software engineers now than in 2025, and demand is growing. 2. Software engineers have never worked harder than they do now. 3. They largely don't write code anymore, agents write ~100% of the code. 4. The bottom line of the companies that employs these engineers and agents (i.e. the terminal purpose of all this code) is typically not budging as a result of AI adoption. This is why you have to think in terms of systems. Automating one aspect of a system creates its own friction and moves the bottlenecks elsewhere.
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  3. François Chollet✓@fchollet
    Argon has a similar performance profile on ARC-AGI-3 as Astra. Google is back at the frontier.
    ARC Prize @arcprize
    Gemini 4 Argon from @Google on ARC-AGI (Verified): - ARC-AGI-3: 97.5%, $4.8K (provider adapter harness), 49.8%, $5.8K (standard harness) - ARC-AGI-2: 91.3%, $0.32/task - ARC-AGI-1: 98.5%, $0.16/task Google DeepMind is the second frontier AI lab to score above 95% on ARC-AGI-3.
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  4. ARC Prize✓@arcprize
    Gemini 4 Argon from @Google on ARC-AGI (Verified): - ARC-AGI-3: 97.5%, $4.8K (provider adapter harness), 49.8%, $5.8K (standard harness) - ARC-AGI-2: 91.3%, $0.32/task - ARC-AGI-1: 98.5%, $0.16/task Google DeepMind is the second frontier AI lab to score above 95% on ARC-AGI-3.
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  5. François Chollet✓@fchollet
    I truly believe conversational AI will drive the biggest educational leap of our generation. 1-on-1 tutoring is the gold standard for education, but it doesn't scale. AI can change that with truly active conversational learning. Annie and team set out to solve this with @gakkuai, and they've done a great job. Gakku is an AI mentoring app for K-12 students. Rather than doing the work for them, the voice chat coach guides students through 10 min essay writing "missions" that cover brainstorming, drafting, and revising. It actively trains kids to generate their own ideas, structure logical arguments, and articulate themselves clearly. If you have school-aged kids, I highly recommend checking it out:
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  6. François Chollet✓@fchollet
    Everyone wants to have solved a hard problem, but almost nobody wants to live inside the grind of actually solving it. The breakthroughs belong to the few who are obsessed with the process, not just the idea of the outcome
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  7. François Chollet✓@fchollet
    You can't solve real-world physical tasks through autoregressive sampling alone. The physical world is entirely unforgiving to hallucination or approximate pattern matching. If we want actual autonomous robotics we have to engineer causality and discrete reasoning back into the loop. Biwei and the team at Aether AI is doing exactly the kind of foundational, non-consensus work the field actually needs right now.
    Biwei Huang @huang_biwei
    I have spent more than a decade studying causality. For me, causality is about understanding the rules that govern how actions change the world, and reasoning about their consequences before acting. Scaling has made today's models remarkably capable at spotting patterns and predicting what comes next. A system that acts in the physical world needs more. It has to ask what will happen if it acts, check the outcome, and adapt when reality doesn't match the plan. In the physical world, trial and error can be costly or unsafe, and an early mistake can carry through the rest of a task. When we started Aether AI, robotics was the obvious place to begin. CRIS-0 is our first integrated system built on these ideas. It tracks the conditions that matter for a task, predicts how each action will change them, and replans when something unexpected happens. In our demo, that means taking a metal can off a plate before heating it, and telling an empty can from an unfinished drink while tidying a room. Physical AI is just our first proving ground. We're building towards causal intelligence that also works for forecasting, scientific discovery, and more. The technical write-up is linked in the comments.
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  8. Biwei Huang✓@huang_biwei
    I have spent more than a decade studying causality. For me, causality is about understanding the rules that govern how actions change the world, and reasoning about their consequences before acting. Scaling has made today's models remarkably capable at spotting patterns and predicting what comes next. A system that acts in the physical world needs more. It has to ask what will happen if it acts, check the outcome, and adapt when reality doesn't match the plan. In the physical world, trial and error can be costly or unsafe, and an early mistake can carry through the rest of a task. When we started Aether AI, robotics was the obvious place to begin. CRIS-0 is our first integrated system built on these ideas. It tracks the conditions that matter for a task, predicts how each action will change them, and replans when something unexpected happens. In our demo, that means taking a metal can off a plate before heating it, and telling an empty can from an unfinished drink while tidying a room. Physical AI is just our first proving ground. We're building towards causal intelligence that also works for forecasting, scientific discovery, and more. The technical write-up is linked in the comments.
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  9. François Chollet✓@fchollet
    String theory is what happens when an intelligent system is starved of sensory input and starts hallucinating. Intelligence needs grounding. For this reason, intelligence is practically never the bottleneck to solving impactful problems. The bottleneck is iterated contact with reality.
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  10. François Chollet✓@fchollet
    The ideal outcome for science isn't a couple of labs using proprietary models and millions of dollars to crack trophy problems, it's to have millions of AI-aided human scientists who follow their curiosity and become way more ambitious
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  11. François Chollet✓@fchollet
    François Chollet
    RT @arcprize: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash from @deepseek_ai on ARC-AGI (Verified): - ARC-AGI-3: 3.3%, $878 (provider adapter harness), 0.9%, $1.2k (standard harness) DeepSeek V4.1 Flash is the first model we've evaluated on ARC-AGI-3 to score above 3% for under $1k in total evaluation cost.
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  12. François Chollet✓@fchollet
    If an agent saves an engineer 2 hours to implement a feature but collectively costs the team 3 hours in alignment and review, the ROI is negative. Isolated chats are suboptimal in team environments because they lack the context of what the team already discussed and decided. The Kylon app fixes this by running Claude Code and Codex in a shared, multiplayer environment. Agents gain real-time visibility into team consensus and architecture decisions.
    Quinn Leng @quinn_leng
    Introducing Kylon: The first company harness for your humans, agents and tools. Whether you’re using Codex, Claude, Devin, Hermes, Gemini CLI, OpenClaw, Muse, Instinct, Grok Bot, Dots, Perplexity Computer, Cursor, Antigravity, Microsoft Autopilot, Amp, Droid, Kiro, Cline, OpenCode, Replit Agent, Lovable, v0, Gmail, Slack, Apollo, Supabase, Apify, Treg, Neon, Vercel, Databricks, Novita, RadixArk, GitHub, Seedance, Fish Audio, Plaud, OpenRouter, Gemini, Google Sheets, TikTok Shop, Outlook, Google Drive, Instagram, Airtable, Google Calendar, Asana, HubSpot, Corgi, SharePoint, Google Tasks, Notion, Google Workspace, Telegram, LINE, Zoho Mail, Meta Ads, Google Search Console, Fathom, ClickUp, Reddit, Granola, Google Docs, OneDrive, tl;dv, Amplitude, Dropbox, YouTube, Ahrefs, Xero, HighLevel, Google Analytics, Google Slides, Monday, QuickBooks, ElevenLabs, Linear, PostHog, LinkedIn, Runway, Zoho Bigin, Stripe, Exa, Cal_com, Box, Google Meet, TikTok, Wise, Mercury, Deel, Replit, Resend, Zoom, Fireflies, Typeform, Canva, Facebook, Google Admin, Hostinger, Google Maps, Retell AI, UptimeRobot, Google Photos, Excel, Cloudflare, Beehiiv, Vapi, 1Password, RunPod, Unipile, Read AI, Figma, Microsoft Teams, Trello, Salesforce, Jira, Confluence, Miro, Coda, Todoist, Basecamp, Wrike, Zendesk, Intercom, Freshdesk, ServiceNow, Gorgias, Mailchimp, ActiveCampaign, MailerLite, SendGrid, Postmark, Customer_io, Gong, Clay, Greenhouse, FreshBooks, Zoho Books, Brex, Ramp, PandaDoc, Google Ads, Microsoft Ads, Pinterest Ads, Semrush, Moz, Mixpanel, Google Tag Manager, Microsoft Clarity, Tableau, Metabase, Snowflake, Google BigQuery, ClickHouse, Wix, Contentful, Sanity, Bubble, Make, GitLab, Bitbucket, Sentry, PagerDuty, Grafana, New Relic, Docker Hub, DigitalOcean, Render, Firebase, Prisma, Algolia, Cloudinary, LaunchDarkly, Postman, Midjourney, Veo, GPT-Image2, NanoBanana, Flux, Kling, MiniMax, Replicate, HuggingFace, DeepSeek, Mistral AI, Ollama, Firecrawl, Eventbrite, Webex, Toggl, Harvest, Tailscale, Mural, Discord, TickTick, Calendly, Attio, Higgsfield, Square, Wispr Flow, Readwise, Bright Data, Google Places, FastMoss, PageSpeed Insights, Kalodata, Cerebras, SerpApi, DataForSEO… Kylon enables them to work better, together.
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  13. Quinn Leng✓@quinn_leng
    Introducing Kylon: The first company harness for your humans, agents and tools. Whether you’re using Codex, Claude, Devin, Hermes, Gemini CLI, OpenClaw, Muse, Instinct, Grok Bot, Dots, Perplexity Computer, Cursor, Antigravity, Microsoft Autopilot, Amp, Droid, Kiro, Cline, OpenCode, Replit Agent, Lovable, v0, Gmail, Slack, Apollo, Supabase, Apify, Treg, Neon, Vercel, Databricks, Novita, RadixArk, GitHub, Seedance, Fish Audio, Plaud, OpenRouter, Gemini, Google Sheets, TikTok Shop, Outlook, Google Drive, Instagram, Airtable, Google Calendar, Asana, HubSpot, Corgi, SharePoint, Google Tasks, Notion, Google Workspace, Telegram, LINE, Zoho Mail, Meta Ads, Google Search Console, Fathom, ClickUp, Reddit, Granola, Google Docs, OneDrive, tl;dv, Amplitude, Dropbox, YouTube, Ahrefs, Xero, HighLevel, Google Analytics, Google Slides, Monday, QuickBooks, ElevenLabs, Linear, PostHog, LinkedIn, Runway, Zoho Bigin, Stripe, Exa, Cal_com, Box, Google Meet, TikTok, Wise, Mercury, Deel, Replit, Resend, Zoom, Fireflies, Typeform, Canva, Facebook, Google Admin, Hostinger, Google Maps, Retell AI, UptimeRobot, Google Photos, Excel, Cloudflare, Beehiiv, Vapi, 1Password, RunPod, Unipile, Read AI, Figma, Microsoft Teams, Trello, Salesforce, Jira, Confluence, Miro, Coda, Todoist, Basecamp, Wrike, Zendesk, Intercom, Freshdesk, ServiceNow, Gorgias, Mailchimp, ActiveCampaign, MailerLite, SendGrid, Postmark, Customer_io, Gong, Clay, Greenhouse, FreshBooks, Zoho Books, Brex, Ramp, PandaDoc, Google Ads, Microsoft Ads, Pinterest Ads, Semrush, Moz, Mixpanel, Google Tag Manager, Microsoft Clarity, Tableau, Metabase, Snowflake, Google BigQuery, ClickHouse, Wix, Contentful, Sanity, Bubble, Make, GitLab, Bitbucket, Sentry, PagerDuty, Grafana, New Relic, Docker Hub, DigitalOcean, Render, Firebase, Prisma, Algolia, Cloudinary, LaunchDarkly, Postman, Midjourney, Veo, GPT-Image2, NanoBanana, Flux, Kling, MiniMax, Replicate, HuggingFace, DeepSeek, Mistral AI, Ollama, Firecrawl, Eventbrite, Webex, Toggl, Harvest, Tailscale, Mural, Discord, TickTick, Calendly, Attio, Higgsfield, Square, Wispr Flow, Readwise, Bright Data, Google Places, FastMoss, PageSpeed Insights, Kalodata, Cerebras, SerpApi, DataForSEO… Kylon enables them to work better, together.
    Download
    2991161.1K1.5M
  15. François Chollet✓@fchollet
    Congrats on the release! Looks like a fantastic model.
    Sundar Pichai @sundarpichai
    Gemini 4 Argon is here. It’s available globally today for developers and enterprises in the paid tier of the Gemini API and the Gemini platform, for Ultra subscribers in Google Antigravity, and Ultra and Pro subscribers in the Gemini app and Search. Hope you all enjoy it!
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  16. Sundar Pichai✓@sundarpichai
    Gemini 4 Argon is here. It’s available globally today for developers and enterprises in the paid tier of the Gemini API and the Gemini platform, for Ultra subscribers in Google Antigravity, and Ultra and Pro subscribers in the Gemini app and Search. Hope you all enjoy it!
    Download
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  17. François Chollet✓@fchollet
    If you explained agriculture to folks in SF, you'd blow so many minds. It's... self-replicating, recursively self-improving nanotech for the physical world. And it's all open-source! One instance can turn into hundreds of seeds, that turn into hundreds of instances. Next thing you know you have trillions of them. It's super-exponential
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  18. François Chollet✓@fchollet
    I've been having a lot of fun trying a wide range of LLM post-training experiments using KerasHub + JAX + TPUs. Might open-source some of that
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